Industrial Clusters Essay Example for Free

Industrial Clusters Essay The software industry clusters in India had emerged in a few cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Kolkatta, when conducive conditions became available. This paper highlights the development of the software industry clusters along with some setbacks suffered by them, and the pros and cons of industrial clusters. Arora (2007) reported that the early software industry clusters in India had emerged in Bangalore due to the existence of private engineering colleges, which provided a large number of fresh engineering graduates for the Indian software companies to provide services for software exports. see more:essay on bangalore city Ramachandran and Ray (2003) mentioned that the late software industry clusters mushroomed in the Indian cities of Hyderabad and Kolkatta due to the impetus provided by the entrepreneurship of the state as well as the individuals. According to Khomiakova (2007), these industry clusters have witnessed setbacks, which include an â€Å"overstressed infrastructure,† a steep rise in the cost of real estate, and scarcity of skilled professionals due to a progressive increase in demand being more than the supply. Arora (2007) highlighted that the major advantages of the software industry clusters in India include generation of employment for millions of young graduates, enhancement of productivity, and an increase in investments by Indian as well as multinational companies. Consequently, the development of industry clusters has prevented migration of local graduates to other Indian cities, and also, helped in the economic growth of the city, its state and India. However, their major disadvantage has been marginal loss of business and employment in the IT sector of developed countries, which have outsourced work to these industry clusters. The software industry clusters originated due to the prevalence of favorable conditions in some Indian cities, and they have redefined the global business operations of the IT industry.

Challenges For Mental Health Social Workers

Challenges For Mental Health Social Workers Service users with mental health problems can present social workers with their own unique challenges; by exploring these challenges it is possible to gain a greater understanding of the role of the social worker. It is intended to look at the desired outcomes from Social Work intervention and the processes that a Social Worker can use to facilitate these outcomes.   Prevention-Work with groups at risk of mental health problems to promote positive mental health -work with individuals and families reduce the negative effects of institutionalisation and to promote social integration. (DAVIES, 2008)pp260 Multidisciplinary Teams-medicine- Psychiatrist-nurses-psychologist-occupational therapists-social worker All Social Workers, not just Mental Health Social Workers, need to be aware of the multitude of mental health conditions that exist. Whilst it is not the role of a Social worker to diagnose a mental illness; it is important for Social Workers to recognize that a client may have a mental health problem and be able to refer the client to a medical professional. Mental Health issues are present across all areas of social work including, child protection, older people, criminal justice and physical illness. (Manktelow, 2008) It is also important that Social Workers understand the various causes and contributing factors that can lead to the onset of mental health problems. It is widely agreed among health professionals that the causes of mental illness can be physical, psychological, social and environmental or more usually a combination of these factors. Physical- Genetic, brain injury, illness, pre birth factors such as maternal substance abuse or maternal illness during pregnancy Psychological- Abuse or trauma, bereavement or divorce Social and environmental factors- Lack of support network, stressful job, unemployment, living in a deprived or high crime area, poor accommodation, and lack of privacy. (www.rethink.org) http://www.rethink.org/about_mental_illness/what_causes_mental_illness/index.html [accessed 23/11/2010] Whilst physical causes can generally be put purely in the realm of the medical professionals; some issues such as substance abuse during pregnancy are a social work issue and whilst it is intended to concentrate on the work of the social worker within the bounds of mental health it is important to remember that many of the agreed causes of mental health problems are also social work issues and that early intervention in these areas can prevent future problems. The Social Workers role is especially important for service users with a dual diagnosis i.e. schizophrenia and substance dependence as the two conditions tend to be managed by different agencies; add to that issues with housing and benefits and it can be seen that effective communication as facilitated by the Social Worker is paramount (Parrish, 2010) The ultimate role of intervention is to improve the quality of life for the service user, their families, carers and all concerned. Cite Perhaps now would be a good time to look at what a person requires to feel that they have a good quality of life and the negative effect that a mental health problem could have on these requirements. Maslow with his Hierarchy of Needs tells us that to achieve a good quality of life we need firstly, the basic requirements of life without which a person will die then next in the hierarchy is the need for safety followed by Love and belonging, esteem and finally self actualization. Whilst the theory has its critics; most of the criticisms are aimed at the hierarchal nature of the theory. When the theory is applied to a specific population as in Majercsiks study of the needs of geriatric patients it can be seen that the hierarchy can be skewed.(Majercsik, 2005) It is generally agreed that if these needs are not met then this will have a negative effect on quality of life. E. Majercsik. (2005). Hierarchy of Needs of Geriatric Patients. Gerontology, 51(3), 170-3. Retrieved November 26, 2010, from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source. (Document ID: 823764721). The initial concerns during assessment and intervention are to ensure that the basic needs of the individual are being met and that they can continue to be met either by the individual or if necessary by a care plan. As well protecting the client from harm Service users with mental health problems my present a safety risk to themselves or others and it is important that these risks be assessed and if necessary steps taken to reduce these risks. If a client is deemed to be a risk to themselves or others they may be detained for treatment under the Mental Health Act (1983). This process requires an Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP) to make an application for admission to hospital for assessment or treatment. Deprivation of liberty is a serious matter and as such it is covered by strict laws and guidelines. It is important for a Social worker working in the field of mental health to know the laws and procedures involved with compulsory detention. (Golightley, 2008) Mental illness can be caused by abuse but also having a mental illness can leave a person vulnerable to abuse. Individuals with mental health problems are vulnerable to abuse in many forms, physical, sexual, psychological, financial, discrimanatary and neglectful. This abuse can come from many sources, friends, family, neighbours, strangers and even care proffessionals. This abuse can be intentional or unintentional. Working with vulnerable people puts a Social Worker in a position of power both real and percieved and it is important that this position of power is not abused. The GSCC Codes of Practice state that as a Social Worker you should recognise and use resposibly the power that comes from your work with service users and carers (GSCC 2002). The use of anti oppressive, anti discriminatory and reflective practices is therefore essential to good practice. Working in partnership with clients, setting the client realistic goals and the use of a person centered approach all serve t o redress this balance of power. Recognizing how ones own emotions, circumstances and values effect the way in which a person or situation is percieved is an important factor in being non-judgemental. A Holistic approach, taking into account, race, culture, social standing can help prevent discrimination. It is important to appreciate that any care plan should meet the needs of the individual and to ensure that the family/carers are also supported. Caring for a family member with a mental health problem can have many negative effects on the carer. The family may suffer financial hardship, social stigma and isolation. Children may feel or even be neglected due to the demands of caring placed on a family; this can lead to attention seeking behaviour, missing school, poor hygene, poor health or criminal activity. They may feel fear or intimidated by the unusual behaviour exhibited in some forms of mental illness. Carers may feel helpless, overwhelmed, tired, socialy deprived and may neglect their own care in favour of that of the ill family member; this can lead to physical or mental illness for the carer. If the carer can no longer cope with the caring role then the individual can be neglected. It is essential then that the family/carers receive support in their role. The Social Worker must develop a care plan that helps the family cope with their role as carers; this may include carer support groups, coping strategies for dealing with aggressive behaviour or hallucinations, advice on benefits, bringing in outside carers and explainations of treatments and illnesses. An effective care plan can improve the quality of life for the service user and their family and this in turn reduces the need for hospitalization and can prevent a host of future problems. Service users who require hospitalization for long periods of time can present different problems. They can become institutionalized and require a lot of work when the time comes that they are ready to re enter society.

History of Welfare in Ireland: Poor Law and Beveridge Report

History of Welfare in Ireland: Poor Law and Beveridge Report This paper will briefly outline the development of social service provision in Ireland from 1922 to the present day, highlighting several factors such as the Poor Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that have played a significant role in the shaping of this welfare approach known as ‘residual welfare’. For a variety of reasons such as economic growth, different political parties and differing welfare system options, UK’s welfare state has gained much crisis discussion. Residual welfare is not a universal welfare model; rather it is a system aimed at providing provision for those specific individuals in society that need and fit certain criteria, generally defined as ‘the poor’. Within residual welfare systems, welfare provision is considered to be a safety net, available only to those defined within the policy context as most in need, usually when the market or family has failed. According to Titmuss’ framework from 1974, Britain represents the ‘individual welfare system’ where there is a limited function of state welfare. Universal welfare is based upon the premise that welfare services are accessible to everyone, usually determined on the basis of citizenship within a nation state. The difficulty with this system is that it can be costly. Therefore, a residual system is aiming to reduce those costs by apportioning provisions to only those who need them. (Mau 2001, pp. 5-9; Titmuss, R 1974, p.20). It is helpful to acknowledge that welfare is an ambiguous term which can cause discrepancies between individuals and agencies when looking at welfare needs and services. Some individuals expect a return for any contribution they make to a social system whereas other are content with knowing the system is there for those that need it and that might not necessarily include themself. There is a strong belief that the system should be a premium-benefit one, where the current financiers will one day be the future users. It can also open the question of who it should be available to, how long, should they pay and are they deserving? Welfare is generally used in three main senses, the first referring to a person’s refers to general well-being. Of course, well-being is another term that can mean different things to different people. From a sociological framework, it generally means having access to basic needs such as shelter and food, but it does go beyond simply needs; to achieve we ll being, people must have choices, and the scope to choose personal goals and ambitions. Welfare also refers to the range of services available to look after people in a number of conditions throughout their life, for example childhood, sickness and old age. (Mau 2001, pp. 4-6). Historically, the model of welfare which has been the most dominant model in English-speaking countries is known as ‘residual welfare’ which stemmed from Poor Law (1598-1948). Poor Law was first implemented in 1598 and continued until 1948. This Elizabethan method aimed at providing three central aspects, a compulsory poor rate, the creation of overseers of relief and the provision for setting the poor on work. It provided discretionary payments to individuals assessed as being in need. It was a harsh law aimed at providing the bare minimum an individual would need to survive in the aim that people would rely upon it for existence, creating a dependence upon social security which would result in a negative image of public support. It aimed to control and discipline the poor and in some ways punch by providing support that was below the lowest wage, a principle known as ‘lowest eligibility’. This law continued to be important in the delivery of many means-tes ted benefits until the last two decades of the twentieth century. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8; Williams 1989, pp. 150-4). Following on this movement in Britain’s welfare system, Mau (2001) stated that on some levels, a welfare state can help to repair social divisions or at least ‘to mitigate social inequalities; not only in terms of material inequalities, but also in ideological and political terms.’ Thus the Beveridge Report from 1942 proposed a system of National Insurance, based on three assumptions, family allowances, a national health service, and lastly full employment. It was written by Sir William Beveridge, a highly respected economist and expert on unemployment problems. Opinion polls reported that the majority of the British public welcomed the reports findings and wished to see them implemented as quickly as possible, seemingly relieved at the possibility of a less harsh social system than the Poor Law. The first post-war election, in June 1945, resulted in a victory for the Labour Party, devout promoters of the Beveridge Report. It quickly became the blueprint for the m odern British welfare state, even being referred to as by any measure a landmark. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8; Williams 1989, pp. 150-4; Historic Figures. William Beveridge, 23rd February 2007). The Beveridge Report aimed to provide a expansive system of social insurance for an individuals whole life. Here we have the induction of the ‘residual model’ that still exists to a degree in Ireland. It proposed that all working people should pay a weekly contribution to the state, in other words, tax. In return, benefits would be paid to the unemployed, the sick, the retired and the widowed, those who needed it. Beveridge wanted to ensure that there was an acceptable minimum standard of living in Britain below which nobody fell, very different to the aims of Poor Law. (Alcock 2003, p. 6; Mau 2001, p. 3; Schifferes, S, 26 July 2005). Changes in the welfare system have continued to the present day, post 1948, the key elements of Irelands welfare state have remained focused upon social security, health, housing, education and children. The Welfare State was not intended to respond to poverty; that was what the Poor Law had aimed to, rather its main purpose was to encourage the provision of the social services on the same basis as the public services, including medical services, roads, libraries, local community needs. In other words, it aimed to create an institutional model of welfare. (Mau 2001, pp. 3-5; ). This paper has aimed to briefly illustrate the changes in Ireland’s welfare system highlighting several factors such as the Poor Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that have played a significant role in the shaping of this welfare approach known as ‘residual welfare’, a system, aimed to be available if and when an individual needs its services.The development and implication of welfare provision in Britain is a lengthy and complicated issue, therefore this paper aimed to provide a brief summary of some of the key events leading to its present situation known as a ‘residual welfare system’. Bibliography Alcock, P. 2003. 2nd Edition. Social Policy in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire. Esping-Anderson, G 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press, Oxford. Mau, S 2001. Patterns of Popular Support for the Welfare State. A Comparison of the United Kingdom and Germany. Social Research Center, Berlin. Offe, C 1987. Democracy against the Welfare State? Structural Foundations of Neoconservative Political Opportunities. In Political Theory, Vol.15, No 4, November, pp. 501-537). Page, R Silburn, R 1999. British Social Welfare in the Twentieth Century. St Martin’s Press Inc, Hampshire. Titmuss, R.M. 1974. Social Policy. Allen and Unwin, London. Williams, F 1989. Social Policy. A Critical Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge. bbc.cok.uk, 2007, Historic Figures. William Beveridge (1879 1963), BBC Homepage 23rd February, retrieved 23rd February 2007 from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/beveridge_william.shtml. Schifferes, S 2005, Britains long road to the welfare state, BBC News 26 July, retrieved 23rd February 2007 from:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4696391.stm. Investigation: Personal Technology Mediated Communication Investigation: Personal Technology Mediated Communication Table of Contents List of abbreviations List of extracts List of figures 1Introduction 2Analysis 2.1Choice of mode 2.1.1Cost 2.1.2Degree of comfort 2.1.3Medium uniqueness 2.1.4Formality 2.1.5Peer influence 2.1.6Immediacy 2.1.7Intertextuality Retrievability Navigability 2.1.8Multifunction 2.1.9Lack of desire for self-disclosure 2.2Nature of language used 2.2.1Language background 2.2.2Keyboard affordance 2.2.3Intimacy level 2.2.4Cultural value 2.3Semiotic resources 2.3.1Numbering, paragraphing, colouring textual specification 2.3.2Emoji, stickers, symbol 2.3.3Tagging function 2.3.4Telepresence indicators 2.4Interweaving of media in extended interactions 2.4.1Postponement 2.4.2Confidentiality/Secrecy 2.4.3Spatial constrain 2.4.4Clarification 2.4.5Instant feature and directive influence 3Conclusion References FtF face-to-face FB Facebook FM Facebook Messenger Extract 1 Extract 2 Extract 3 Extract 4 Extract 5 Extract 6 Extract 7 Extract 8 Extract 9 Extract 10 Extract 11 Extract 12 Figure 1 Emoji Figure 2 Sticker MimYam Figure 4 Green dot Figure 5 Group conversation Figure 6 Message seen Communication in todays world is profoundly affected by technological features and users perceived of their usage. Multimodal technological resources facilitate interaction beyond temporal and spatial distance with various participation modes (Barton Lee, 2013, p. 29), also correlate with users medium choice, behaviour and psychology. In technology-mediated communication, choice of mode is decided by the setting, selecting strategy and evaluating outcome of the communication (Joinson, 2003, p. 125), or by participants perceived affordances of the media (Herring Demarest, 2011, pp. 19-21). For instance, text can be preferred over more novel medium like audio or video thanks to its richer communication markers, asynchronicity and low level of self-consciousness. In a paper by Laursen (2012, pp. 87-97), the shift from text message to call is attributed to synchronicity, immediacy, complex information processing, and chance for negotiation. Call also denotes some degree of intimacy involving simultaneous checking of relationship status through breath, pitch or pauses in oral exchange. Innovation in communication technology also entails more types of semiosis for interaction. Hutchby (2001, p. 96) points out telephone conversation has a distinct means of summon not by human oral production but by the sound of the ring which signals an upcoming call that the other end of the line will pick up and respond. Later when Internet appears, it enables greater access to information thanks to intertextual hyperlinks or expression of emotions via emoticons (Barton Lee, 2013, p. 29). Added to this, (Lamy, 2006, p. 388) lists clicking a button to denote conversation ended, retaining of message after the interactants have left the chat platform, also the help of telepresence indicators like the faded name or photo. Vandergriff (2013, pp. 8-10) focuses on the use of CMC cues in which the use of multiple exclamation mark could express assertiveness or intensified disagreement, smiley icons indicate a dispreference of an action, or turn ellipsis is understood as mitigated disappro val or openness for conversation expansion. Additionally, technology also influences our language and our self-expression. Hutchby (2001, p. 86) concerns the lack of physical context cue that makes telephone conversations normally involve identification process at the beginning of the conversation. In online language analysis, Barton and Lee (2013, p. 69) and Herring and Demarest (2011, p. 4) mention gender in which male users tend use more impersonal expression and longer messages whereas female prefer to use the first person and express more feelings. Moreover, Barton and Lee (2013: 68-69) claim that the dynamics and control over our online self-disclosure involve choosing which part of and how our identities to be revealed and accordingly present a less or more associative image in comparison to our offline identities. This regulates our online writing language and entails adjustment of language to whom we could expected or imagined. Regarding behaviour and psychology, Joinson (2003) proposes five key dimensions of tool-behaviour relationship involves synchronicity, the cues transmitted, bandwidth and cost constraints, level of anonymity, and sender-recipient exclusivity. In CMC, people may also tend to follow the hyperpersonal model (Walther et al., 2015, pp. 13-14) whereby they exaggerate perceived reality about the other interactants and use it to inform their future actions. Devices affordances may cause users to be under pressure to be constantly available for being contacted (Cumiskey Ling, 2015, p. 231). Also, online psychology and behaviour involves individual self-disclosure where people desire to express themselves (Walther et al., 2015) and act as the source of information (Sundair et al., 2015), whereas includes deindividuation in which individual identity is partially or fully hidden (Walther et al., 2015, p.11) or self-awareness is reduced to merge in online social norms (Spears Postmes, 2015, p. 25). In a nutshell, a number of aspects related to technology-mediated communication have been investigated and is being studied in response to the rapid development of technological applications and diverse users perceived affordances. The following part, hence, will dedicate to analyse my own use of technology for communication in the light of the reviewed studies, and hopefully brings out some contributive findings. Devices involved in this analysis were tablet, mobile phone and computer, and the tablet also has a SIM card reader so it can act as a mobile phone. Soft medium analysed included Google Email and online data cloud, Facebook (FB), Facebook Messenger (FM) a separate application for sending messaging or calling among FB users, and Skype another application for sending text messages and making calls. All these applications are Internet-based and free of charge. 2.1 Choice of mode 2.1.1 Cost Cost is the first-and-foremost factor that manipulates my communication mode choice. The more the medium costs, the less likely it is to be chosen. Though the SIM card enabling domestic and international calls, mobile phone was not favoured since phone service always charged money and the fee would be burgeoned for overseas interaction. Consequently, I only employed free services like email to contact professors or Skype and FB to contact relatives and friends though all of them are approachable on telephone line. I once used mobile phone to contact an overseas travel agency in the US because their line was toll-free, so I only had to pay a minimal amount of money for international dialling but I could talk on the phone as long as I want since the call fee was paid by the travel agency. 2.1.2 Degree of comfort Thanks to its light weight mobility and availability, Tablet was more preferred with higher comfort degree over computer with heavier weight and requiring more acts like starting, shutting down or plugging charger. Tablet was more mobile to carry along to all places such as desk, bed, classroom and in motion like walking on the street. The degree of comfort was also true to the choice of soft medium where none of my communication involved video sharing or video calling. This is explained by my preference for modes with low level of self-consciousness like texting or calling where I could comfortably maintain interaction without being distracted by my reflection or worrying about my appearance on the screen. 2.1.3 Medium uniqueness Choice of mode was restrained by the other entity and this made me stick to only one medium. For instance, brands or organizations websites all offer visitors to leave their emails so that new reduction/sales or upcoming events would be sent to them automatically, and the sole medium used to subscribe was email. In another case of citizen services, when I wanted to book a visa appointment via an Embassy, the office only allowed booking via mobile phone in which visitors dial the provided number to provide personal information and receive confirmed schedule by an officer. Besides, some of my addressees only provide me their email or their FB so email or FM were the sole channels to communicate with them and no other choice of medium could be employed. 2.1.4 Formality Formality of the message and the interaction itself also decides the modes of communication. For formal communication like asking for professors supervision, excusing absence in a class session or job application, email would be a better choice. The email interface itself is more neutral and professional with separate spaces for typing subjects and contents, office font sizes, bullet and numbering, etc. to present the information in a well-organized and formal format. Those functions are not provided by the instant messaging, mobile phone SMS or calling. For informal talks like gossiping about non-academic problems, email may not be as suitable as other texting or chatting applications that allow instant response. 2.1.5 Peer influence The medium I choose was also affected by the technology that the other entities use. If the addressees encounter some technical or personal problems, I accordingly opt for the medium that best works on their device and suit their condition. For example, my mothers eyes are far-sighted so its hard for her to navigate where to click to see inbox or to send text in emailing and texting. For that reason, I only used voice chatting or video calling rather than texting when communicating with her. My father, more interestingly, does not know how to use any smart devices and could only be approached by classic media like SMS or phone calling, so whenever I wanted to contact him phone-calling is my only resort. 2.1.6 Immediacy Regarding the immediacy in communication, email seems to be inferior to other applications like mobile phone, Skype or FM. Email could take long duration to receive a response and they are at risk of being filtered as spam or junk by the email account. If the recipient does not check their spam box, there is likelihood that my email never reaches them. There is also another case when sending emails to organizations/offices and my email is not instantly checked and replied until the next day because it has to queue in a line of many other enquiries sent to the offices. And of course it is very awkward and time-consuming when having an informal and close-knit chat with friends in which me and my friends keep clicking and sending emails while we can choose to text each other using FM or Skype. Therefore, in case I need an immediate response for my communication, I prefer calling via mobile phone (if the information is urgent) or Skype or texting with FM. 2.1.7 Intertextuality Retrievability Navigability Obviously, text mode normally allows better information retrieval than call mode, and this function is more enhanced in CMC where external sources of information exchanged in interaction could be accessed by all interactants and be easily navigated with one click even when the conversation has ended. For example, functions incorporated in Google email enables searching sent or received mails through typing keywords and provides capacity to upload audio, video and documents easily shared with other people who have Google account just by one click. Or in another case when I had a group chat discussing accommodation booking, we decided to type because it was easier to refer to different options by pasting the links or screen captures into the chatting box and the whole group could see exactly which hostel was being considered. Those options were retained forever in the box chat so we could retrieve them several days/months later. 2.1.8 Multifunction Sometimes the consideration of hard medium between computer or Tablet is decided by the affordances of the device itself, and it is obscure that computer is more multifunctional than the other counterpart. Computer allows multi-window operating at the same time while my Tablet does not, also many acts are easier to be done on bigger screen and keyboards rather than on touch device, e.g long text processing. Multifunctional features also applied for my choice of soft medium and this could be illustrated in the comparison between email and IM via FM or Skype. Emails affordances are superior with possibility to forward a large amount of information, to format the text in highlighted forms with colouring, large font size, or underlining, or to send emails to different recipients simultaneously without letting them know about each other (Bcc). FM or Skype undeniably has not included all those functions, they do not have a search box to type in keywords, no data cloud, no font size or bull et options, and previous messages are time-consuming to retrieve. However, their function to track whether the recipient has seen their messages made them surpass email in some cases. 2.1.9 Lack of desire for self-disclosure My choice of medium, or to be exact, the functions of medium was affected by my low desire for self-expression in which I use FB but hardly employed multimodal resources for posting, sharing, surfing, hashtag, or commenting. I have little demand for self-disclosure so I did not share the things I read, the feelings I have or the events/places I had been to on my FB page. All my interactions via FB channel were instant messaging initiated by the need to update situation of relatives and friends in my home country or exchange information about a particular problem. Even though I am a member of some FB group, I still sent private message to other members when they post a question that I can help instead of publicly typing my answer in the comment box. 2.2 Nature of language used 2.2.1 Language background The majority of my interaction with friends or relatives is translingual since we have multilingual background. Our exchange has frequent code-switching between Vietnamese and English, or in some cases three languages when I use Thai to chat with friends who know Thai. An ample evidence for this could be seen in the following extract between me and other two friends discussing about booking a room for a cruise trip (English words are highlighted in the left column): Extract 1 Anh the thoi xong chac cho ten + passport de dang ky la xong Thao in the worst case thà ¬ phà ²ng 8107 cÃ…Â ©ng Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c ha Anh uhh worst case cung dc re nhung tren web con nhieu lam, hon chuc phong co, ko lo Phuong Thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ là   chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt xog Ä‘Ã ºng hok Chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i bn ng Thao 4 ng mail sent TrÆ °a mai chÆ °a rep thà ¬ e gà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n cho à ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ng luà ´n Anh thats all then perhaps we give (him) our names and passport to register Thao in the worst case, is room 8107 OK? Anh Yes, that worst case is OK. cheap But dont worry, the web stills show a lot of spare rooms, more than ten of them. Phuong Thats finalized right? In the end how many people? Thao 4 people mail sent If he does not rep the mail until next noon, I will call him. 2.2.2 Keyboard affordance Languages involved in my conversations are used in customized form due to keyboard. For instance, some of my Vietnamese friends did not have keyboard allowing typing tone markers or special Vietnamese characters, so their message were written in reduced Vietnamese. Though in some rare occasion did this obstruct our communication, the conversation generally went smooth because all interactants have Vietnamese as mother-tounge. Take the message from the following extract as an illustration, the friend that customized language is Anh: Extract 2 Original message Standard language Translated message Anh the thoi xong chac cho ten + passport de dang ky la xong Anh thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ thà ´i xong chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯c cho tà ªn + passport Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ đăng kà ½ là   xong Anh thats all then perhaps we give (him) our names and passport to register Also due to keyboards lacking special characters, some language not using Latin alphabet must be transliterated and in my case is Thai. There was Thai virtual keyboard but it took time and may impede understanding so it was not employed: Extract 3 Original message Standard language Translated message Thao Uh hihi tks quà ¢n nhà ¬u Hong May pà ªn ray krub Thao Uh hihi tks quà ¢n nhà ¬u Hong à  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ £Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ £Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ±Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡ Thao Yeah hihi thanks a lot Hong Youre welcome! 2.2.3 Intimacy level Intimacy is the key factor shaping the choice of language in all my communications, and the level of formality in language is accordingly adjusted. Informal language could be detected via the use and density of colloquial, emoji, stickers, slangs, swear words. When talking with close friends, I used these informal expressions uncontrollably or rampantly, but I was more conscious and limit the use of them when interacting with normal friends, which are exemplified in the following extracts: Extract 1: with close friends (me, Trung and Ngoc). Ngoc is talking about her disgust when coming across her ex-boyfriends photos on Facebook. The language is flooded with swear word, exclamation, emoji, emphatic form like capitalisation and repetition of letters: Extract 4 Thao mà  y cà ³ cà ¢u thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n chà º gà ¬ k mà ¡Ã‚ »-i là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡nh gà ¡y thà ¬ là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ©m nhà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ©m Ngoc Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £t trc Ä‘Ã £ block hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ © mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ Ä‘ nà  o và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ «n sà ³t à ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £i Æ ¡i cà ³ hà ´m thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ nà  o xem Ä‘c dm cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ nà ³ cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ ny mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi dm Ä‘i phÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £t à ´i Quoc Ngoc m phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™u là   cà ¡i nhà ³m bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n là ¬n cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §a nà ³ chuyà ªn Ä‘i phÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £t và   chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥p à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £nh và   ăn là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ©u và   chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥p à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £nh (net uà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc king) nà ªn dm nhià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ u à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £nh vc ra Cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¨U TÔI Và ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¡I :((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( Thao Do you have any incantation whenever feeling disgusted? Ngoc I blocked all things and all people related to him but I still missed out some photos Oh my god Fuck it the other day I saw he and his new girlfriend fucking went trekking. oh Quoc Ngoc U have to understand that his fucking group of friends frequently go trekking and take photos and eat hotpot and take photos (networking) So theres a fucking bunch of photos HELP ME :((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( With a normal friend. This is Doan one friend I have acquainted for about 3 months, she is talking about her travel plan for Christmas. The relationship is not too close-knit hence the language is informal enough with the use of emoji but no swear words or emphatic forms: Extract 5 Doan tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥i tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º xmas nà  y Ä‘c nghà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ° dà  i Ä‘i 1 phà ¡t luà ´n Thao uh bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º cÃ…Â ©ng nghà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ° dà  i nhÆ °ng tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º cÃ…Â ©ng khà ´ng ham Ä‘i là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯m Doan ^^ uh Thao cà ¡c bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n Ä‘i khu nà  o tà ¢y à ¢u hay Ä‘Ã ´ng à ¢u Doan tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º Ä‘i Ä‘Ã ´ng à ¢u, tà ¢y à ¢u và   nam à ¢u 5 nÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc 1 thà ¡ng luà ´n Thao mà ¡Ã‚ »-i nÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc à ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ 6 ngà  y? Doan uh Thao thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y anh vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t đăng xin Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c visa phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n lan thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ là   Ä‘i phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n lan trÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc à   Doan anh vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t Ä‘i finland 1 mà ¬nh mà   =)) Doan This Xmas we have a long holiday. We travel the whole holiday. Thao Yeah we also have long Christmas holiday But Im not really interested in travel Doan ^^ yeah Thao Where are you going to travel to? Western or Eastern Europe? Doan Eastern, Western and Southern Europe 5 countries 1 month Thao 6 days per country? Doan yeah Thao I heard Mr. Viet said he had got his visa for Finland so you start your trip in Finland? Doan No, Mr. Viet travels to Finland by himself.

A Comparison of Jacques-Lois David and Joseph Goebbels Essay -- essays

â€Å"The essence of propaganda consists in winning people over to an idea so sincerely, so vitally, that in the end they succumb to it utterly and can never again escape from it† (Goebbels). Both Jacques-Lois David and Joseph Goebbels were aspiring men who rose above the standards that were set for them and utilized their own individual talent in order to sway people’s opinions to match their own. They both possessed extraordinary talent and ideas for their time, where Jacques-Lois David was an artist who mastered in the neoclassical style of painting and used his art work as a form of propaganda to represent a biased view from a revolutionary on occurring events; where as Joseph Goebbels had superb journaling abilities and dominated the media in Russia. Jacques-Lois David was an exquisite artist of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century who had a well educated background in the field of painting. After the tragic death of his father, Jacques-Lois David went to live with his uncle Francois Buron. From here David went to study at Academie Royales, in Italy, and was taught by J.M Vein who was a master of the Rococo style. After four years of attending Academie Royales David won the internationally recognized Prix de Rome with his work of Antiochus and Stratonice. David returned to Paris, after spending five years in Italy drawing antique models, to open his own studio where he taught and took on commissioned portraits. Jacques-Lois David was already beginning to set a fashio...

Analysis of The Sport of the Gods by Paul Essay -- The Sport of the Go

Analysis of The Sport of the Gods by Paul The book "The Sport of the Gods" by Paul is about an African American servant named Berry Hamilton who lived with Fannie and two kids, a son named Joe and daughter named Kit. They lived in a little cottage that sat in the back of the mansion of his employer Maurice Oakley. Berry had been a butler for Mr. Oakley for twenty years. Berry was a loyal and hard working man for Mr. Oakley. Mr. Oakley treated him with so much respect and gave him so much that Berry felt that he had no choice but to serve him the way he did. Mr. Oakley could always depend on Berry Hamilton, until the day that Francis Oakley noticed that he hadn't locked up the drawer where he hide his money. When he opened the drawer, praying that no one had took the money, to his surprise it was gone. Francis told his brother Maurice and after the party was over and everyone was gone they called a detective to find the missing money. While walking around the room the detective noticed Berry's cottage out of the window. He sa id that it was a possibility that Berry was the thief. Mr. Oakley couldn't believe what he was hearing. He had always trusted Berry and thought that he would never steal from him, especially after all that he had done for him. The next day the detective was at Mr. Oakley's home waiting to speak with him about his case of the missing money. The detective reported that the same day the money was missing Berry had deposited over eight hundred dollars, the...

Research Paper- Social Networking Essay

â€Å"Social Media is about sociology and psychology more than technology†, that’s what The Brain Solis Principal of Future Works is talking about. In this research, the researchers will talk all about the Social networking websites and how it can be useful for each and everyone. Social Networking has been the most famous among all kinds of websites in the Internet all around the world. Sometimes, they are the only ones whom you want to browse when you open your computer and sometimes, they can be very dangerous. You could be a so-called â€Å"Social Networking Addict† wherein you spend your whole day surfing and browsing your Facebook, Twitter or your Tumblr. So in this research, the researchers will tackle about the Social networking sites. A social networking service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on facilitating the building of social networks or social networking among people. It can help you get along with other people through chat whe ther video, text or voice. You can also share interests, activities, backgrounds or social activities. A Social Network service consists of a profile wherein you can see his or her background and personal information, his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. The main types of social networking services are those that contain connection with friends and a recommendation system to trust. Some popular social Networking services all around the world are Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr. Web-based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities. Through e-mail and instant messaging, online communities are created. Social networks are providing a different way for individuals to communicate digitally. These communities of hypertexts allow for the sharing of information and ideas, an old concept placed in a digital environment. Social networking sites have so  much features. A profile is generated from answers to questions, such as age, location, interests, etc. Some sites allow users to upload pictures, add multimedia content or modify the look and feel of the profile. Many sites allow users to post blog entries, search for others with similar interests and compile and share lists of contacts. User profiles often have a section dedicated to comments from friends and other users. To protect user privacy, social networks typically have controls that allow users to choose who can view their profile, contact them, add them to their list of contacts, and so on. Some social networks have additional features, such as the ability to create groups that share common interests, upload or stream live videos, and hold discussions in forums. In most mobile communities, mobile phone users can now create their own profiles, make friends, participate in chatrooms, create chat rooms, hold private conversations, share photos and videos, and share blogs by using their mobile phone. One of the most popular wireless services for social networking is Facebook Mobile. As the increase in popularity of social networking is on a constant rise, new uses for the technology are constantly being observed. Social networking sites are the concept of â€Å"real-time web† and â€Å"location-based.â €  Real-time allows users to contribute content, which is then broadcast as it is being uploaded, the concept is like a live radio and television broadcasts. Twitter set the trend for â€Å"real-time† services, wherein users can broadcast to the world what they are doing, or what is on their minds within a 140-character limit. Facebook followed suit with their â€Å"Live Feed† where users activities are streamed as soon as it happens. Tumblr used their Social network as a blog posts where users can share what they want to share and click the favourite button if they like the blog. Social networks are also being used by teachers and students as a communication tool. Because many students are already using a wide range of social networking sites, teachers have begun to familiarize themselves with this trend and are now using it to their advantage. Teachers and professors are doing everything from creating chat-room forums and groups to extend classroom discussion to posting assignments, tests and quizzes, to assisting with homework outside of the classroom. Social networking sites are also being used by some young adults to fi nd a job. Through chatting, they can find a job online. They are also used as an entertainment likewise the games on Facebook and Friendster  wherein you level up in the game. Finally, social networking is a way for one person to meet up with other people on the net. People use social networking sites for meeting new friends, finding old friends, or locating people who have the same problems or interests they have. More and more relationships and friendships are being formed online and then carried to an offline relationship. Sometimes, it has been used as an online dating to find your true love. But if there’s advantages, there are also disadvantages. Social networking can take risks in the Kids and children. It can be a cause of Online Bullying and sometimes, Suicide. Social Networking sites can also be the cause of some Pyschological effects in some people like spending an excessive amount of time on the Internet in general and social networking sites. That is why Social networking Research is very important to learn and to tackle about because through this, you and me can be aware in this types of cases. The researchers are not saying that Using Social network sites are bad. You just have to minimize using it because if you don’t you could have Pyschological effects in your mind and in your body. That is why researching this Topic and talking about it is very important. Statement of the Problem At the end of this study, the researchers would be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Social Networking Sites? 2. Are you in favor of Social Networking Sites? 3. Why are some people being a so-called â€Å"addict† on Social Networking Sites? 4. What are some disorders or illnesses that you can get from being a Social Networking Addict? 5. How can you avoid being a Social Networking Addict? Importance of the Study The researchers believed that this endeavour would be beneficial to the following: To the students, To the parents, To the teachers, To the young people and to the community. Definition of Terms Here are some of the terms found in this study. Blog. This term refers to an online post entry wherein you can post stories, messages, photos and videos. Users can share what they want to share. Chat. This term refers to quick messaging wherein you can hold private conversations. Communication. This term refers to social interactions so that you may talk to friends, families and acquaintances. Electronic Mail. This term refers to sending a message to someone through online services. Facebook. This term refers to a Social-Network site that is established by Mark Zuckerberg so that you may be connected with your loved ones abroad and in the country. Forum. This term refers to an open conversation with some acquaintances. Hypertexts. This term refers to links or texts that are being highlighted. Instant Messaging. This term refers to sending a message or a mail through online services quickly. Live Feed. This term refers to updated headlines and News feeds that are being posted in your wall. Online Bullying. This term refers to a horrible conversation wherein two or more persons were arguing through mean words. Online Dating. This term refers to finding a partner through online services like video chatting etc. Profile. This term refers to your main wall wherein you can see your post blog entries, recent photos, videos, events etc. Real-Time Web. This term refers to allowing users to contribute content, which is then broadcast as it is being uploaded, the concept is like a live radio and television broadcasts. Social Media. This term refers to sociology and psychology more than technology. Social Networking. This term refers to been the most famous among all kinds of websites in the Internet all around the world. Social Networking Addiction. This term refers to an illness wherein you want to spend your whole day in the Internet to browse Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr etc. Tumblr. This term refers to an Online Social Networking sites used as a blog entry and wherein you can post videos, photos and so much more. Twitter. This term refers to Social Networking sites wherein you can post tweets and you can browse trending topics. User Privacy. This term refers to security system of your social network account. Wireless Services. This term refers to increase in popularity of social networking is on a constant rise and wherein it is an online service that is used in some social networking sites.

Impact of the Construction Industry to Its Nation

Abstract Construction sector and construction activities are considered to be one of the major sources of economic growth, development and economic activities. Construction and engineering services industry play an important role in the economic uplift and development of the country. It can be regarded as a mechanism of generating the employment and offering job opportunities to millions of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled work force. It also plays key role in generating income in both formal and informal sector.It supplements the foreign exchange earnings derived from trade in construction material and engineering services. Unfortunately construction sector is one of the most neglected sectors in Kenya. Although the construction sector has only a 2. 3 percent share in GDP, its share of the employed labor force was disproportionately large at 6. 1 percent in FY07. The construction sector is estimated to have grown by 17. 2 percent in 2006-07 as against 5. 7 percent of last year.Th e higher demand for construction workers is also reflected in a continued double-digit rise in their wages since FY05. Their wages increased by 11. 1 percent in FY07. Keywords: Construction Sector, GDP, Causal Relationship, Co-integration. 1. Introduction The construction industry plays an essential role in the socio economic development of a country. The activities of the industry have great significance to the achievement of national socio-economic development goals of providing infrastructure, sanctuary and employment.It includes hospitals, schools, townships, offices, houses and other buildings; urban infrastructure (including water supply, sewerage, 280 drainage); highways, roads, ports, railways, airports; power systems; irrigation and agriculture systems; telecommunications etc. It deals with all economic activities directed to the creation, renovation, repair or extension of fixed assets in the form of buildings, land improvements of an engineering nature. Besides, the const ruction industry generates substantial employment and provides a growth impetus to other sectors through backward nd forward linkages. It is, essential therefore, that, this vital activity is nurtured for the healthy growth of the economy. The main purpose of this study is to see whether growth in construction industry actually caused the economic increase or, alternatively, did economic expansion strongly contribute to construction growth instead? 1. 1 Global Distribution of Construction Output and Employment: Globally, construction industry is regarded as one of the largest fragmented industry. An estimate of annual global construction output is probably closer to U.S $ 4. 5 trillion in 20041. The construction industry is also a prime source of employment generation offering job opportunities to millions of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled work force. Global picture of construction output and employment in developing and developed countries can be seen in table -1 below. It can be seen from the table-1 that total construction output worldwide was estimated at just over $3,000 billion in 1998. Output is heavily concentrated (77 per cent) in the high income countries (Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australasia).The contribution of low and middle income countries was only 23 % of total world construction output (ILO Geneva2001). The data in employment situation table 2 tells a rather different story so far as employment is concerned. It can be seen that there was an excess of 111 million construction workers worldwide in 1998 and most of them were in the low- and middle-income countries. The distribution of construction employment is, in fact, almost the exact reverse of the distribution of output. The high-income countries produce 77 per cent of global construction output with 26 per cent of total employment.The rest of the world (comprising low- and middle-income countries) produces only 23 per cent of output but has 74 per cent of employment (IL O Geneva2001). ———————————————— 1 Source: Engineering News Record, USA 281 1. 2 Construction Industry in Kenya; The housing and construction sector in Kenya plays an important role in developing aggregate economy and reducing unemployment. It provides substantial employment opportunities as it contributes through a higher multiplier effect with a host of beneficial forward and backward linkage in the economy.The sector through linkages affects about 40 building material industries, support investment and growth climate and helps reduce poverty by generating income opportunities for poor household. It provides jobs to about 5. 5 per cent of the total employed labor force or to 2. 43 million persons, (2. 41 million male and 0. 2 million female) during 2003- 04 (Economic Survey 2004-05) Unfortunately the construction sector is one of the most neglected sectors in Kenya. It is at low ebb, which can be judged from the fact that per capita consumption of cement in Kenya is one of the lowest among the developing countries. 2.Literature Review: Construction in any country is a complex sector of the economy, which involves a broad range of stakeholders and has wide ranging linkages with other areas of activity such as manufacturing and the use of materials, energy, finance, labor and equipment. The contribution of construction industry in the aggregate economy of a country has been addressed by a number of researchers and valuable literature available on the linkage between construction sector and other sectors of the economy. Several researchers conclude that the construction sector has strong linkages with other sectors of the national economy.Hirschman (1958) first defined the concept of ‘linkage’ in his work The Strategy of Economic Development. He emphasized the significance of ‘unbalanced’ growth among supporting sectors of the economy as opposed to a balanced development of all interrelated economic activities (Lean, 2001). Park (1989) has confirmed that the construction industry generates one of the highest multiplier effects through its extensive backward and forward linkages with other sectors of the economy. It is stated that the importance of the construction industry stems from its strong linkages with other sectors of the economy (World Bank, 1984).However, interdependence between the construction sector and other economic sectors is not static (Bon, 1988; Bon, 1992). Strout (1958) provided a comparative inter-sectoral analysis of employment effects with an emphasis on the construction. Ball (1965) and Ball (1981) addressed the employment effects of the construction sector as a whole. Many studies (Fox, 1976; Bon and Pietroforte, 1993; Pietroforte and Bon, 1995) use the strong direct and total linkage indicator to explain the leading role of the construction sector in the national economy. . 1 Con struction Industry and National Economy: Construction activities and its output is an integral part of a country’s national economy and industrial development. The construction industry is often seen as a driver of economic growth especially in developing countries. The industry can mobilize and effectively utilize local human and material resources in the development and maintenance of housing and infrastructure to promote local employment and improve economic efficiency.Field and Ofori (1988) stated that the construction makes a noticeable contribution to the economic output of a country; it generates employment and incomes for the people and therefore the effects of changes in the construction industry on the economy occur at all levels and in virtually all aspects of life. This implies that construction has a strong linkage with many economic activities, and whatever happens to the industry will directly and indirectly influence other industries and ultimately, the wealth of a country.Hence, the construction industry is regarded as an essential and highly visible contributor to the process of growth (Field and Ofori, 1988). The significant role of the construction industry in the national economy has been highlighted by Turin (1969). On the basis of cross section of data from a large number of countries at various levels of development, Turin (1969) argued that there is a positive relationship between construction output and economic growth. Furthermore, as economies grow construction output grows at a faster rate, assuming a higher proportion of GDP.In a recent article Drewer returns to the ‘construction and development’ debate. Using data for 1990 similar to that assembled by Turin for 1970, he shows that global construction output has become increasingly concentrated in the developed market economies. He goes on to argue that this new evidence does not support Turin’s propositions. The issue of concern here is whether the cons truction sector and the aggregate economy are fragmented or mutually dependent, and whether construction activity contributes to economic growth and /or vice versa.Studies have shown that the interdependence between the construction sector and other economic sectors is not static but changes as the nation’s economy grows and develops 2. 2 Tools for Measuring Strength of Linkage: Two analytical tools, which most widely used for measuring the strength of the linkage, sector vise economic performance and production interdependence and to analyze economic relationships, are: (i) Leontief’s (1936) Input–output analysis and ii) The new econometric methodology developed by Engle and Granger Bon (1988) is one of the few researchers who applied the concept of Leontief input-output matrix to the construction industry. He considered the input–output technique to be ideal, for it provides a framework with which to study both direct and indirect resource utilization i n the construction sector and industrial interdependence. He also found that the input–output tool can be used for studies of the construction sector in three broad aspects: employment creation potential, role in the economy, and identification of major suppliers to the construction industry.Rameezdeen et al, (2006), also used input283 output table to analyze the significance of construction in a developing economy and its relationships with other sectors of the national economy. With the popularity of the new econometric methodology presented by Engle and Granger, many modeling studies related to economic and financial issues have applied this new technique to analyze economic relationships. Green (1997) applied the Granger causality test to determine the relationship between GDP and residential and non-residential investment, using quarterly national income and gross domestic product data for the period 1959–1992.His results showed that residential investment causes, but is not caused by GDP, while non-residential investment does not cause, but is caused by GDP. He concluded that housing leads and other types of investment lag the business cycle (Lean, 2001). Tse and Ganesan (1997) is also used the same econometric technique (Granger causality test) to determine the causal relationship between construction flows and GDP using quarterly Hong Kong data from 1983 to 1989. They found that the GDP leads the construction flow and not vice versa. 2. Research Objective: The objective of the present paper is to examine the specific lead lag relationships between construction flow and gross domestic product (GDP). For obtaining this goal we will use annual data for construction sector and economic GDP of Kenya from 1950 to 2005. Granger causality methodology is commonly applied to investigations on the relationships among money supply, stock prices and inflation, but very few researchers tested the linkages between the construction sector and the aggrega te economy using this method.Here we will use the same approach to identify whether there is a unidirectional or bidirectional causal relation between construction sector and economic growth in the case of Kenya. In addition, we will use unit root tests to examine the stationarity of both series (construction sector and GDP) and co integration test will use to find out the existence of long run relationship between these variables. It is a powerful concept, because it allows us to describe the existence of an equilibrium or stationary relationship among two or more time series, each of which is individually non- stationary. . Methodology: A simple statistical and econometric analysis will be used to know the general properties of data and to see the relationship among variables of interest like construction sector (LCNS) and aggregate economy of Kenya (LGDP). This study uses time series annual data (1950 to 2005) to demonstrate the causal relationship between construction sector and GDP in Kenya. A time series is a sequence of values or readings ordered by a time parameter, such as hourly and yearly readings.When time series data is used for analysis in econometrics, several statistical techniques and steps must be undertaken. First of all unit root test has been applied to each series individually in order to provide information about the data being stationary. Non-stationary data contains unit roots. The existences of unit roots make hypothesis test results unreliable. If the data are non-stationary, then frequently stationarity can be achieved by first differencing (Granger and Newbold, 1986) that is, obtaining the differences between the current value and that of the previous period.Once stationarity is determined, structural modeling of the variables or testing for causality can take place. The causality test aims to verify whether historical variations of the construction data follow or precede the GDP. To test for the 284 existence of unit roots and to determine the degree of differences in order to obtain the stationary series of LGDP and LCNS, Augmented Dickey- Fuller Test (ADF) has been applied. If the time series data of each variable is found to be non-stationary at level, then there may exists a long run relationship between these variables, LGDP and LCNS.Johansen’s (1988) co-integration test has been used in order to know the existence of long run relationship between these variables. A series is said to be integrated if it accumulates some past effects, such a series is non-stationary because its future path depends upon all such past influences, and is not tied to some mean to which it must eventually return. To transform a co-integrated series to achieve stationarity, we must differentiate it at least once. The number of times the data have to be differenced to become stationary is the order of integration.If a series is differenced d times to become stationary, it is said to be integrated of order I(d). However, a linear combination of series may have a lower order of integration than any one of them has individually. In this case, the variables are said to be co-integrated. The following section presents the results of the simple descriptive statistical analysis and then unit root analysis to study the stationarity of GDP and construction flow. Accordingly, we employ Granger causality methodology to investigate the lead lag relationships between the construction flow and the GDP. . 1 Data and Descriptive Statistical Analysis: The annual data for the period 1950 to 2005 is being used for empirical analysis. Construction industry flows (LCNS) and Gross Domestic Product (LGDP) data in local currency is employed to analyze the dynamic relationship between GDP and construction sector. All the variables are expressed in natural logarithms so that they may be considered elasticity of the relevant variables. We examine the contemporaneous correlation and check for the evidence of Granger causality between these two variables.Table-3 presents summery statistic of the data and table- 4 tell us that there is a strong correlation between construction sector and GDP of Kenya during 1950 to 2005. Annual observations of GDP and construction sector are taken from Handbook of Statistics of Kenya Economy, 2005 and various issues of Economic Survey of Kenya. Table 3 Descriptive statistics LCNS LGDP Mean 8. 605299 11. 98993 Median 8. 996238 11. 90110 Maximum 11. 87699 15. 62865 Minimum 4. 976734 9. 126524 Std. Dev. 2. 184803 2. 082374 Skewness -0. 140903 0. 195506 Kurtosis 1. 651252 1. 664931Jarque-Bera 4. 429918 4. 515697 Probability 0. 109158 0. 104575 Observations 56 Apparently as the government is geared to enhance rural development in its development agenda, the construction industry faces the daunting task to be part of the development philosophy. The construction industry has to ensure that it has the capacity to deliver development projects as per the needs of the government and in the time scale specified. Many a development projects are in the pipeline, most notable, road projects, schools, police and teachers’ houses, boreholes, among many others.The construction industry would add value to the country’s development agenda through successfully undertaking the said projects. Certainly, the construction industry loses credibility, trust and reputation in the eyes of the publics if projects it undertakes do not live to the expectations of the people. The government’s rural development project could further spur the growth of indigenous construction companies which will in the end trickle-down economic benefits to the country and the citizens.The mushrooming of indigenous construction firms with capacity to handle large scale jobs will save the country from losing forex as most projects will be handled locally, hence requiring no need for forex to pay international construction firm. This could certainly write a new chapter in the histo ry of the construction industry in the country. As the small construction firms will be developing they will certainly be competing for construction jobs in other countries within Africa and possibly beyond. This could make the construction industry a reliable partner in bringing into the country the required forex.The exposure of the construction industry abroad could as well play the ambassadorial role of marketing services that Malawi can offer in Africa and beyond. If one sector successfully storms the international market, other sectors stand an easy chance as they actually ride on the success of the pioneer service provider. References Anaman K. A and Amponsah. C, (2007). Analysis of the causality links between the growth of the construction industry and the growth of the macro economy in Ghana, Institute of Economic Affairs, Accra, Ghana Ball, C. M. 1965) Employment effects of construction expenditures, Monthly labour Review, 88, 154- 158. Ball, R. 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