Gi Bill of 1944

A Building Block for the Future The G. I. Bill of 1944 Were finally position boys sh step forwarded one of the small invigorated soldiers as the plane landed on the run counseling. The young men arriving from the European and Japanese fronts were filled with excitement unless among them there resonated a whimsey of unk outrightn. World War II had finally come to a conclusion and what the future held for many young men in the middle of the 1940s was all unknown. The provided feeling of security that the soldiers travel home was the feeling of winning.The feeling of bliss persisted among the the Statesn soldiers that they had avenged the tragedy of Pearl Harbor. The same feeling of satisfaction existed on the European front as they had helped the other European powers stop the Fascist Nazis. Among the men there was a contagious energy in which many had never had the opportunity to experience in many of their lifetimes. These men and women had just accomplished one of the roug hly incredible feats of the twentieth century and it was now time for them to return to America and start the rest of their lives.Most of the soldiers involved in the war grew up during the Great Depression of the 1930s and had never known anything that resembled a comfortable lifestyle. As soldiers returned home from the Pacific and European fronts many questions arose well-nigh what their futures would hold. Among many Americans there was a general fear that the economy would return to its pre-war distinguish in which people were starving and the unemployment rate was at an all-time high. Most believed that the war was responsible for the economic turnaround that had occurred in America due to the influx of money spent by the U.S. government for an arms buildup. This build up of arms provided many product lines to women and non-white races that had non had the opportunity to summon a job beforehand the war still the question that persisted was were these men going to return to work and put these people back on the streets? Many questions lingered in Americans minds, merely a question that stood out for many Americans at this time was with the war effort now over and production down will America again go through into the deep depths of the depression?This question was answered with the deprivation of a bill and the pen of Franklin Roosevelt on May 19, 1944 when the American government make a down allowance for their future. When professorship Roosevelt signed the Readjustment venture he was betting on the returning soldiers to have a lasting impact on America the soldiers would not disappoint as many men used the bill to brighten their futures and in doing so made America a stronger nation. The G. I. Bill influenced America in many diametric ways in which all had decreed effects.First, when soldiers returned home from the European and Pacific fronts many were still trying to get the horrific images that they had to hurt out of their heads. Not only did many experience the loss of many of their closest comrades, but many were trying to overcome the symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The G. I. Bill offered fiscal aid for a stratum that would allow those soldiers that were struggling psychologically. These men were struggling with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder either could not find a job or didnt have the ability to initially work after the war.The bill provided reasonable unemployment allowances that were payable each week for up to a maximum full point of a year. As a ending of the Great Depression and pre-war America the state of the economy was of utmost importance to President Roosevelt. He and the rest of the governmental leaders of America k sore something needed to be done to create new jobs and stimulate spending. The leaders also knew that something had to be done to protect the future of the returning soldiers as such a large group of young men were returning home. Roosevelts core idea of the G. I. ill is exhibited by Altschuler when he writes, To Roosevelt, this was neither breedingal opportunity nor government-guaranteed residential loans but the successful transitions of millions of veterans from military service to civilian work. He singled out satisfactory employment as the most imperative need of service personnel and concluded the GI Bill would help that need. Not only were the returning soldiers fearful of a return to the Great Depression, but clearly our political leaders were fearful represented by Roosevelts urgent need to stimulate jobs.Another administer of the G. I. Bill that had a considerable positive effect on the American economy was the government establishing provisions for the returning soldiers for fifty share of certain loans made to them. These loans to the soldiers could be used for the purchase or construction of homes, farms, and dividing line properties. This part of the act made it easier for entrepreneurs to try to start their own businesses re sulting in a swelling in the number of small business in the 1950s and 1960s. Not only did the G.I. Bill have a lasting effect on small businesses but also it transformed the way Americans lived in the cities. As veterans learnd the financial benefits from the G. I. Bill and began to make their way into higher paying jobs a housing nab occurred and suburbs began to quickly develop. The housing boom of the 1950s affected not only the people that were living at this time, but the lifestyle of Americans forever. No longer was the middle distinguish of America only relegated to living within the cities.With the housing boom of the 1950s as well as the development of mass production of vehicles people could now live in the Suburbs and commute to their jobs in the cities. Vehicles before the 1950s had been mass produced, but the difference between the 1950s and before is the amount of people being able to present vehicles increased drastically in the 1950s. People could now afford to buy vehicles as a result of the education or benefits that they had received from the government old age before due to their service during World War II.During the 1940s and the ten years following the development of housing communities increased rapidly. According to Altschuler, who used the 1670 U. S. numerate report writes, the rapid movement of big-city dwellers to new homes outside the central city increased that proportion to 41 percent and in the 1950s it grew again to 49 percent. Major cities did see growth at this time just not at the same rate. Sometimes during the early 1960, the atomic number 18a outside the nations largest cities surpassed these cities in population, and the balance has continued to shift. People at this point were establishing a pattern that is still followed in todays society of living out in the suburbs and commuting to the city for work. After the invention of the suburbs there was a need for wagerer roads at the middle of the 1950s. President E isenhower firmly believed America needed to modernize their roads in the form of an Interstate system that would be globally uncomparable. Eisenhower wanted a roads system that was regular(a) unrivaled by the Germans which is saying something because in the 1930s there interstate system gave them a distinct advantage during the second war.Eisenhower believed a National Interstate establishment was essential to the United States not only as a result of the suburbs but also militarily. Eisenhower is quoted as saying, together the uniting forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear- without them we would be an alliance of separate parts. Once the Interstate system was created the majority of Americas middle crystalize was now living in the suburbs and a large percentage of the middle class that were building houses out in the suburbs were recipients of the G.I. Bill. The Bill transformed cities and it also provided a foundat ion for an increase in birth rates as a result of families being secure financially. The G. I. Bill along with families settling down in the suburbs are two major reasons for the large increase birthrates of the 1950s and 1960s and the Baby Boomer Generation. Even today, the period of the Baby Boomers in the 1950s and 60s is unrivaled when comparing birth rates during different times. Creation of jobs through great loan rates and unemployment are very consequential portions of the G. I. ill, but what helped to lay the groundwork for America more(prenominal)(prenominal) than anything was the financial aid that was offered for the returning soldiers to attend college. The bill stated the returning soldiers had access to tuition charges of up to $ euchre per school year furthermore, the right to receive a monthly living allowance while pursuing their studies at universities. The school portion of the Readjustment Act created something many soldiers would have never had access to the opportunity to rise to a higher socioeconomic position level as a result of a college degree.This opportunity is exemplified by Private Leslie Faulk and his incredible story. If it werent for the G. I Bill Mr. Faulk would most likely have returned home from Europe and would have come home to work in his native smoky western Pennsylvania industrial townsfolk where the days of the Great Depression were still apparent. Kiester writes, Then he would saying for work. If he were very lucky, he would move up from his high school occupations of caddying at the local golf course and racking balls in Kindlers poolroom.Maybe hed even find what the town considered a levelheaded job. That meant he might be stoking a steel-mill open-hearth furnace or winding copper armatures in the Westinghouse generator plant. However, with the opportunity that America apt(p) Leslie he had the opportunity to go pursuit a college education and eventually become an engineer for the United States military l eaving the western Pennsylvania town behind. Thanks to the governments aid Leslie along with hundreds of thousands of soldiers now had the opportunity to become an engineer, lawyer, or even a doctor.Before the Readjustment Act of 1944 someone that was from the disgrace class never even had the option to attend a university or trade school because to them it was just too expensive. For this reason of creating opportunity to a class of people that had never had such opportunity the G. I. Bill is one of the most significant pieces of legislation in American history. Kiester believes that there were two periods in American history when expanding education has eventually resulted in an economic gain for the United States.The two periods in which education has worked to expand the economy are the Land move over for colleges of 1860 and the period of the G. I. Bill. He asserts, G. I. Bill statistics are awesome. Out of 14 million eligibles, 2. 2 million veterans jumped at the chance to a ttend college. At a embody of $5. 5 billion, the first G. I. Bill turned out 450,000 engineers, 240,000 accountants, 238,000 teachers, 91,000 scientists, 67,000 doctors, 122,000 dentists, 17,000 writers and editors, and thousands of other professionals. As these professionals entered the American workforce the impact was immediate, and it was a substantial impact.The more successful the G. I. graduates were the more of a return the America government had as a result of the taxes that these people would pay into the government for many decades to come. Ironically, the returning veterans had break-dance access to the more prestigious schools which contributes largely to the high number of engineers, doctors, and dentists. According to statistics taken by the U. S. Office of Higher Education in 1948, With tuition paid by the government, veterans assay to enter the best institutions their records would permit.In the fall of 1948 the majority of veteran men enrolled in privately cont rolled institution, while the majority of nonveteran students registered at publically controlled institutions. This represents that returning soldiers were drawn to better known institutions and since the government was granting them a healthy sum of money for their schooling they could afford the best schools in the country. Those who opposed legislation of the Readjustment Act of 1944 feared that passing the bill would be another step in Roosevelts New Deal policy.Many right wing conservatives objected at the idea believing that the origins of the bill displace from liberal ideologies. Liberals responded with their argument claiming the different nuances of the Readjustment act which included compensation education and training benefits were designed in no measure to breathe new life into the New Bill. Liberals go on to make the point that the Readjustment Act of 1944 was put in place for one reason only and that was to decrease the effects of a postwar depression or recession .Many questions came active when different legislators were discussing the different mandates for the G. I. Bill. Question such as should every veteran receive the benefits or only those soldiers returning that are under the age of twenty five years old? Or another question that arose that is described in Altschulers book is After one year, should government officials in the VA or the U. S. Office of Education select the best students in fields (like engineering) where famines were anticipated- and authorize them to complete undergraduate, professional, or graduate degrees? Many more questions were being debated among legislators and it was a common perspective from right wing conservatives that the bill had ties to the Roosevelts New Deal. However, in the end the Republicans tacit the importance of the bill to the returning soldiers and that is why the bill was able to pass. The most pressing matter was the matter of the Readjustment was the part of the bill granting unemployment . Among the legislatures there was a debate over what was a fair number of weeks that a veteran could receive the unemployment benefits from the Readjust Act.Some argued for fifty two weeks and others objected claiming that if veterans returned home to America and were able to receive money for a year then they would become very complacent and not want to put forward the effort after a year to go find a job. When using a digestion of minutes by Ross during the Nation executive Committee Meeting during the dates of November 18th through November 20th 1944, Ross makes the point, deep down six months of discharge, about 70 percent of veterans without disabilities had found full-time employment. Another 8. 8 percent had regular work in less than a year.Thus, 52-20 and job placement services, which was erst the key issue sponsors and supporters would now see the issue as less pressing by the end of 1945. With the resolution of the issue of unemployment decided the bill could move for ward in its debates. It is ironic to think that the most pressing issue of congress was the debate over the unemployment which in the end was the portion of the bill that had the least(prenominal) amount of impact and users. This strong debate over unemployment demonstrates the legislatures underestimating the amount of soldiers that would take advantage of the college portion of the G.I. Bill. When trying to gain an understanding of the mental capacity of people in the 1940s I had a discussion with my grandmother on the G. I. Bill. Her husband Harold, who passed away before I ever had the opportunity to congruous him, was directly affected by the Readjustment Act. She made the point to me that she was in high school as the war in Europe was coming to a close but he had actually been able to attend Colorado State University due to his years over in Europe and he made the point that the Readjustment Act was crucial to him to be able to go to school. When I asked her what she he to ld her about the G.I. Bill? She responded by saying, He was just everlastingly very thankful for what the government had provided him with. Harold did not come from a lot of money and when he was drafted to the war he had a nervous feeling he used to describe to me. Once he got out he did know what he was going to do but the G. I. Bill allowed him to get a good education that provided him with a career opportunity. My grandmothers description of what her husband had told her about the G. I. Bill solidified to me the importance of the bill to so many different returning soldiers.It didnt matter what region you were from or what your socio-economic status was at the time if a returning soldier wanted to better them through education it was now a possibility. Similar to Leslie Faulk from Western Pennsylvania, my grandfather had also risen out of poverty through the use of education that was made possible by the Readjustment Act of 1944. When conducting the interview with my grandmoth er Elizabeth, it showed me that as a history major that enjoys twentieth century American history I should be public lecture to my older family members to acquire more information.It would be interesting because it would be from my own familys perspective on different issues I have acquired information about in my college history courses. The G. I. Bill had a lasting impact on so many individuals and is probably not recognized in history copious for the lasting impact that it had on the United States people and the government. The G. I. Bills largest weakness is not allowing the equal opportunity for returning women or at least telling them about it as they were being discharged out of the war. The Veterans Administration made no special efforts to inform women of their benefits to which they were entitled.Men were briefed about the bill when they were discharged furthermore, once they were discharged they were provided with educational and vocational counseling. Metter explains t he gender back that existed in the Readjustment Act, he writes, it was provided only sporadically to women. Going Back to Civilian Life, a leaflet issues by the War Department, did not refer to women. Moreover, since women were far less likely than men to join a veterans organization, they lacked access to another important source of information and encouragement. A woman not being given equal treatment to the distribution of the G.I. Bill funds is no surprise as over the course of history there are many different instances where women have not been on an equal playing field. As a result of this statistic education and training under the bill, were far less significant for female veterans. The difference in treatment of women at this point in history is demo by the occupational segregation and wage differentials that were being place on all women jobs. For jobs that carried a certain amount of influence or high status within a community women rarely got hired for these positions and if they did they would make less much money.That factored into women not trying to pursuit a higher education because even if they were more qualified than a male candidate there was a good chance that the male would get hired due to gender discrimination. The abrasive distribution of the G. I. Bill had a significant impact on the percentage of women in college. The uneven distribution of women in colleges is shown by Hartman when he writes, Constituting 40 percent of all college graduates in 1940, women made up a mere 25 percent of degree candidates in 1950.Since veterans received preferential treatment in the most selective, private colleges, women often had to choose between a public institution or no institution at all. By 1959 women accounted for a third of the college graduates but there still existed a large disproportion between genders. Keith Olsen, the author of The G. I. Bill, Veterans, and Colleges actually does a case study on the University of Wisconsin and he u ses a quote from the President of the University of Wisconsin that was taken in 1950. The President states, For the past four years we have gone all out to be of service to the ex-G.I. s but the motion has not been one-sided. Our 30,000 student veterans have been a stabilizing influence in Wisconsin Student life. Their maturity had enabled them to raise scholarship levels. Their great sense of responsibility has change student-faculty relationships. The overall excitement and satisfaction of the President of Wisconsin exemplifies many of the beliefs that most in the academic world expressed at most of the returning soldiers were responsible and cared about their academics. One of the headlines of the Daily Cardinal which was the paper in Madison read, U.W. Will Admit All Students It Can House. The want ads of the Madison newspaper demonstrated the shortage of housing that occurred on many other campuses nationally. In Madison tents were set up to provide veterans a place to slee p while searching for a room. While the amount of housing was eventually solved with temporary housing being brought in, the impact that these students had on the colleges still has a lasting impact. Olson writes, In appurtenance to their superior performances, the veterans left a heritage to the college generation that followed.They made the married student an accepted part of academic life and demonstrated the feasibility of a massive federal aid program to higher education. Other impacts that the G. I. Bill had on colleges is it increased state financial support of universities around the nation. These first students receive under the G. I. Bill laid the ground work for the path that many kids choose today. Those kids that come from lower socioeconomic status or possibly didnt do that well in school can now go to the military and receive financial aid for their military service. The G. I.Bill transformed America in so many different ways and the importance of the bill should n ever be overlooked. The veterans who made their way into the classrooms first wanted to be treated as students that were known for fighting in World War II. They wanted to be absorbed into college communities with as little disruption as possible and receive an education. With their strong work within the classroom and their aid on the two different fronts during World War II these men were able to provide a better life for themselves and their families and they succeeded in doing just that.The G. I. Bill allowed many people to live their own version of the American Dream. Bibliography Altschuler, Glenn C. , and Stuart M. Blumin. 2009. The GI Bill a new come for veterans. Oxford Oxford University count. P. 66 Dwight Eisenhower quotes out of Snyder, Logan Thomas. 2006. THE CREATION OF AMERICAS INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. American History 41, no. 2 32-39. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 19, 2011). E. B. Fred, Report of the President, November 1950 from the book Olson, Keith W.The GI Bill, the Veterans, and the Colleges (University Press Kentucky 1974) p. 74 Education Interests College G. I. s, School and Society (Feb. 10, 1945) Mettler, Soldiers to Citizens, 149-150 Hartmann, Home Front and Beyond, 107. Interview of Elizabeth Berckefeldt on March 12th, 2011 in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Grandmother of Dustin Gochenour Kiester Jr. , Edwin. 1994. The G. I. Bill may be the best deal ever made by Uncle Sam. Smithsonian 25, no. 8 128. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed April 18, 2011). Olson, Keith W.The Gi Bill, the Veterans, and the Colleges (University Press Kentucky 1974) p. 98 Ross, Preparing for Ulysses, 235-236 Digest of Minutes, National Executive Committee Meeting, American Legion, Nov. 18-20, 1947, American Legion Archives, Indianapolis, Indiana U. S. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population 1960. Vol, I Characteristics of the Population. Part 1 United States Summary (Washington D. C. U. S. Government stamp Office, 1964 1 -106) U. S. Office of Education, 1948 Fall Enrollment in Higher Educational Institutions, Circular no. 248, 15 November 1948.